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This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of IR-61, a novel mitochondrial heptamethine cyanine dye with antioxidant effects, on diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction (DMED). Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce type 1 diabetes. Eight weeks after STZ injection, all rats were divided into three groups: the control group, DM group, and DM + IR-61 group. In the DM + IR-61 group, the rats were administered IR-61 (1.6 mg kg
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Objective:To evaluate the function of motor behavior and cognitive working memory of long-term Parkinson’s disease(PD) cynomolgus monkey, which has been seven years after induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) injection through internal carotid artery and investigate the effects of benserazide-levodopa and donepezil intervention on above mentioned dysfunction of motor behavior and cognitive working memory.Methods:Five long-term cynomolgus monkey PD models and five healthy ones with the same as normal control, behavioral evaluation was performed respectively, including Kurlan rating scale for evaluating the severity of PD symptoms, pick up test (PUT) for detecting the upper limb fine motor skills; physical activity monitoring(PAM) for analyzing the 24 h whole day locomotion exercise, and 12 h locomotion activity during sleep.In addition, delay matching-to-sample (DMTS) for detecting cognitive working memory.Furthermore, benserazide-levodopa was administered orally for 10 days, twice a day, 250 mg each time, and after 10 days interval, and donepezil was orally administered for 14 days, once a day, 5 mg each time, and all above behavioral indicators were tested after madopar and donepezil intervention respectively.Results:Kurlan score (4.10±1.01) in the long-term chronic PD model group was significantly increased than that in the normal control (0) ( P<0.01). Compared with the normal control, PUT test for retrieving the food items was not able to be performed with the right upper limb( P<0.01). The time for picking up the food items in left upper limbs ((23.14±7.96)s) was no significant difference from that in normal control group ((12.52±2.71)s) ( P>0.05). The 24 h total locomotion (2 3531.75±9 065.85) was not different from that normal control group (52 750.34±27 598.89) ( P>0.05). The 12 h total locomotor activity during sleep period (2 911.34±1 845.47) was not different from the normal control group (3 310.67±1 721.63). The DMTS correction rate in long-term chronic PD group at 5 s, 10 s, 15 s, and 30 s delay were (61.60±9.21)%, (51.20±11.80)%, (49.60±8.29)%, (60.80±4.38)%, respectively, and was significantly decreased ( P<0.01, P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01) compared with those in normal control group ((96.80±3.35)%, (84.80±8.67)%, (80.80±7.69)%, (74.40±4.56)%, respectively). After intervention of benserazide-levodopa, there was no significant difference in Kurlan score (2.60±0.38) compared with that before intervention (4.10±1.01) ( P>0.05); the PUT test in right upper limb was still not able to be performed, the time for retrieving the food items in left upper limb ((15.40±4.14)s) was less than that before administration ((23.14±7.96)s) ( P<0.05); the 24 h total locomotion activity (44 128.25±16 464.71) was increasesd than that before intervention (23 531.75±9 065.85) ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in 12 h locomotion activity during sleep (4 931.84±2 304.06) compared with that before madopar administration (2 911.34±1 845.47) ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the DMTS correction rate at 5 s, 10 s, 15 s, 30 s before and after madopar intervention(all P>0.05). There was no difference in all behavioral indicators (all P>0.05) between before and sfter donepezil administration. Conclusion:Long-term chronic PD monkeys still exist symptoms and motor behavior and cognitive working memory impairment.The benserazide-levodopa intervention can improve the motor behavior and cognitive working memory dysfunction, indicating that the lesion of functional integrity of dopaminergic system is still exist in long-term chronic Parkinsonian monkeys.Donepezil intervention is not able to reverse the motor and cognitive working memory, implying that mechanism underlying the cognitive memory impairment of PD monkeys is different from that in Alzheimer's disease.
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Objective Traditional identification methods of pharmacognosy is difficult to distinguish the seeds of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius. In order to improve the efficacy and accuracy of identification and provide the scientific foundation for the establishment of Chinese herbal medicine seed quality standards, molecular identification methods of the seeds were established by DNA barcoding technology. Methods The pharmacognostical identification method was used to study the morphological identification and microscopic characters of different seeds. DNA barcodes and Chinese Pharmacopoeia species standard barcode database were employed to identify the seeds by ITS2 sequence comparison, genetic distance comparison and systematic NJ tree construction. Results Intraspecific genetic distances of individuals participating were smaller than interspecific genetic distances. Phylogenetic tree map showed that two species were repectively clustered into one. A total of 42 samples of seeds from Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius produced by nine areas were all top-quality and easy to distinguish. Conclusion ITS2 DNA barcodes can identify and differentiate the seeds of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius germplasm resources quickly, accurately and efficiently.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of clemastine fumarate on Toll-like receptor 4/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase (TLR4/PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway during hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) in rat cardiomyocytes.Methods H9C2 cells of rats cultured in vitro were seeded in culture wells or dishes at a density of 1×105 cells/ml and divided into 3 groups (n=11 each) by using a random number table method:control group (group C),H/R group and clemastine fumarate group (CF group).Cardiomyocytes were exposed to 5％ CO2-95％ N2in a low-glucose DMEM medium at 37℃ for 4 h followed by 4 h reoxygenation.At 4 h of reoxygenation,the cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay,the ultrastructure was observed with a transmission electron microscope,the expression of TLR4,PI3K,phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and caspase-3 was detected by Western blot,and the expression of TLR4,PI3K and caspase-3 was detected by immunofluorescence.Results Compared with group C,the cell viability was significantly decreased,the expression of TLR4 and caspase-3 was up-regulated,and the expression of PI3K and p-Akt was down-regulated in group H/R (P＜0.05).Compared with group H/R,the cell viability was significantly increased,the expression of TLR4 and caspase-3 was down-regulated,the expression of PI3K and p-Akt was up-regulated (P＜0.05),and the mitochondrial damage was significantly attenuated in group CF.Conclusion The mechanism by which clemastine fumarate alleviates H/R injury to rat cardiomyocytes may be related to inhibiting TLR4 expression and activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Objective To establish and evaluate anxiety and depression like behaviors in MPTP-in-duced chronic Parkinsonism cynomolgus monkey. Methods Ten cynomolgus monkeys ( 15. 0 ± 1. 5 years old) were divided into normal group and MPTP-induced parkinsonism group(PD group),5 animals in each group. The behavioral methods for evaluating the anxiety and depression like behaviors in non-human prima-tes included Apathy Feeding Test (AFT),Human Intruder Test (HIT),Novel Fruit Test (NFT) and Preda-tor Confrontation Test (PCT). The changes in behavioral indicators between the two groups were analyzed. Results In AFT,PD group spent more time in observing food on both sides,and significantly higher than that in normal group (left:0. 73(0. 49) s,0. 50(0. 28) s,P<0. 01;right:0. 75(0. 60) s,0. 53(0. 16) s,P<0. 01),moreover PD group had limb disorder on the right side,and spent more time in taking food which sig-nificantly more than normal group (0. 83(0. 20) s,0. 57(0. 14) s,P<0. 01). In HIT,PD group moved and stood better than that in normal group,and occurred abnormal behaviors,such as climbed,grinded,scratched and shook cages (P>0. 05),while normal group spent more time in the back of cage during Stare and Back period( Stare:0(64. 70)s,111. 27(38. 94)s,P=0. 033; Back:0(25. 84) s,120(114. 69) s; H=17. 397). Finally,PD group had lower take-up rate and higher withdrawal rate than normal group in PCT(P>0. 05). Conclusion This study establishes a multi-angle evaluation of behavioral methods for anxiety and depres-sion in non-human primates. The analysis confirmed that chronic Parkinson's disease cynomolgus monkeys has different degrees of anxiety and depression,which provides a new method for preclinical intervention in Parkinson's disease.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between the expression of GATA6 mRNA and the occu-rrence of congenital heart disease(CHD). Methods A total of 60 cases of CHD (CHD group)were diagnosed at Obstetrical Department,Rizhao City Maternal and Child Health Hospital,and 60 cases of normal pregnancy women (control group)were collected in March 2013 to May 2017. The expression levels of mRNA of GATA6 in the peripheral blood of pregnant women in 2 groups were detected by using real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR)technique,and the relevant information of 2 groups of mothers before and during pregnancy was collected so as to investigate the rela-tionship between mRNA and GATA6 in CHD. Results There were no significant differences in age,body mass index (BMI),passive smoking,alcohol consumption,pregnancy medication,pregnancy-induced hypertension,high -density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL-C),total cholesterol (TC),triacylglycerol (TG)between pregnant women in the congenital heart disease group and the control group (all P > 0. 05). The CHD group showed a statistical difference significance in the rate of taking folic acid(81. 67％)and gestational diabetes incidence(8. 33％),serum level of LDL-C[(3. 59 ± 0. 46)mmol/ L]compared with the healthy control group [96. 67％,0,(3. 20 ± 0. 44)mmol/ L] (all P < 0. 05). The expression level of GATA6 mRNA in peripheral blood of patients with congenital heart disease (0. 014 ± 0. 005)was significantly lower than that of the control group (0. 129 ± 0. 031),and the difference was statis-tically significant (t = 28. 386,P = 0. 000). Logistic regression analysis showed that the level of in GATA6 mRNA ex-pression increased in the peripheral blood and folic acid intake were protective factors for CHD (all P < 0. 05)during pregnancy;while fetal gestational diabetes,elevated levels of LDL-C are risk factors for congenital heart disease (all P < 0. 05)fetus. Conclusion Down regulation of GATA6 mRNA expression in the maternal peripheral blood is one of the independent risk factors for fetal congenital heart disease.
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· AIM:To observe the curative effect of different operative methods on acquired lacrimal point stenosis or adhesion,and to investigate the better treatment method for them.· METHODS:Totally 52 cases (72 eyes) suffered from acquired lacrimal point stenosis or adhesion,were divided into treatment group and control group by random number table,in which 27 cases (36 eyes) in treatment group were treated by modified tear incision combined with silicone tube implantation,25 cases (36 eyes) in control group were treated by silicone tube implantation.All cases were followed up for 12mo.· RESULTS:The total effective rate of the treatment group was 94％.The total effective rate of the control group was 78％.The difference between two groups was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Silicone tube shedded in two eyes in treatment group and three eyes in control group.The rate of silicone tube shedded in two was 6％ and 8％,respectively.The difference between two groups was not statistically significant (P＞0.05).None case had lacrimal point tear in two groups.· CONCLUSION:Modified tear point incision combined with silicone tube implantation is the better operative methods on acquired lacrimal point stenosis or adhesion.It is easily operating,less damage with quick recovery.And effective rate is high.
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As medicine and food plants, the market demand of Zamthoxyli Pericarpium is extensive, and the sanshool in Zamthoxyli Pericarpium is getting attention gradually. However, because of the low content and not establishing rating evaluation method for sanshool and lack of standards, the research on substance basis and physiological activity is necessary. This article reviewed the extraction, separation, purification and biological activities of sanshoolin Zamthoxyli Pericarpium in recent years to provide development and utilization of Zamthoxyli Pericarpium.
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Objective To observe the efficacy of Metoclopramide Dihydrochloride Injection in the prevention of intra-and postoperative vomiting after emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.Methods A total of 132 patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and required treatment with PCI were selected from January 2014 to April 2016 and randomly divided into observation group and control group.The patients in observation group were treated with Metoclopramide Dihydrochloride Injection before PCI for preventive treatment,while those in control group were not,only if vomiting occurred,then corresponding symptomatic treatment was provided.The number of patients vomiting,frequency,duration and severity of vomiting during operation and within 24 h after operation were observed.Results The number of patients vomiting,the incidence rate of vomiting and vomiting duration during operation and within 24 h after operation in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group and the score of vomiting severity within 24 h after operation in observation group was significantly lower than that in control group,which indicated statistical differences (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Metoclopramide Dihydrochloride Injection is effective for significantly reducing the incidence of intra-and postoperative vomiting after emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.
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OBJECTIVE:To improve the electronic prescription prior-review mode and increase the rate of qualified prescrip-tions. METHODS:The electronic prescription prior-review mode of our hospital was established by setting up outpatient and emer-gency electronic prescription review team,review evidence and enforcement measures. Aimed at these problems as low review effi-ciency at initial stage,non-unified standards and untimely feedback,quality control circle and internet tools WeChat were used to improve the mode and evaluate its effects. RESULTS:The electronic prescription prior-review mode of our hospital was improved by optimizing system settings,unifying review standard,one-to-one feedback and communication with WeChat public platform, etc. Average time of prescription prior-review had reduced from 50 s to 30.58 s;the rate of qualified prescriptions had increased from 86.77% to 95.30%;prescription review efficiency and the rate of qualified prescriptions had been improved significantly. CONCLUSIONS:The implementation and continuous improvement of electronic prescription prior-review mode can reduce the rate of unqualified prescriptions and promote rational drug use in outpatient and emergency department.
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Objective:TTo evaluate the nutritional status,immune function and clinical effectiveness of early enteral immunonutrition in patients receiving totally endoscopic esophagectomy.Methods:There were 90 patients receiving totally endoscopic esophagectomy enrolled in Department of Thoracic Surgery of The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University between May 2015 and October 2016.The patients were randomly divided into three groups,enteral immunonutrition group (EIN group,n =30),common enteral nutrition group(EN group,n =30)and parenteral nutrition group (PN group,n =30).The levels of nutritional indexes,immune indexes,C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured preoperation and 1day,3days,7days after surgery.We also observed the first postoperative anal exhaust time,infectious complications and the length of hospital stay.Results:There were no significant differences in age,gender,tumor location,clinical stage,CRP,the nutritional indexes and immune indexes between the three groups before operation.On the first day after operation,the nutritional indexes and immune indexes of the three groups were significantly lower than those before operation,then all the indexes began to recover.Otherwise,CRP of the three groups were significantly higher than those before operation,then fell down in the following days,the rate of EIN group and EN group was faster than that of PN group on the day 3 after surgery and the EIN group was the fastest on the day 7 after surgery.There were significant differences in the first postoperative anal exhaust time,pneumonia and the length of hospital stay.And there was no significant difference in the incidence of anastomotic fistula between the three groups(x 2=1.071,P =0.585).Conclusions:Postoperative early enteral immunonutrition can improve the nutritional status and the immune response,promote the rapid recovery in the patients receiving totally endoscopic esophagectomy.
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@#AIM: To observe the efficacy of two combined surgical methods in treatment of chronic dacryocystitis with upper lacrimal duct obstruction. <p>METHODS: Totally 68 cases(68 eyes)of chronic dacryocystitis with upper lacrimal duct obstruction were enrolled. They were randomly divided into Group A and Group B through random number table method, each group of 34 cases, Group A was treated with nasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy combined with silicone tube implantation. Group B was treated with traditional dacryocystorhinostomy combined with silicone tube implantation. All patients were followed up for 1a. <p>RESULTS: In Group A, the total success rate was 82%, that in Group B was 79%. There were no significant difference between two groups' total success rate(<i>P</i>>0.05). The incidence of postoperative facial swelling in Group A was 6%. The facial scar incidence rate was 0. Those of Group B were 47% and 100%. The incidence of complications in Group A was significantly lower than that in Group B with significantly difference(<i>P</i><0.05). Rate of patients' satisfaction was 82% in Group A, and 59% in Group B, which of Group A was significantly better than group B(<i>P</i><0.05). <p>CONCLUSION: Canalicular intubation combined dacryocystorhinostomy using endoscopy is an ideal method in treatment of chronic dacryocystitis with upper lacrimal duct obstruction. It is safe, effective with less injury and less complication.
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Objective To explore the dynamic changes of glutamate in the cortex of cynomolgus monkeys during cerebral ischemia.Methods Proximal M1 segment of middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded for 1 h in 3 young cynomolgus monkeys (7.3 ± 1.5 years old) to induce cerebral ischemia.Magnetic resonance imaging and neurologic deficit scoring were used to evaluate the ischemia and observe the manifestations,respectively.Fast Analytical Sensing Technology (FAST) was applied to record the content of cortex glutamate in the same site of ipsilateral primary motor cortex in the periods of pre-,during,and post-occlusion,and at 1 and 2 weeks after surgery.Results Compared with pre-occlusion,the content of glutamate was increased significantly in the process of occluding in the MCA M1 (P =0.003);No significant difference was observed in the content during occluding and post-occlusion (P--0.877).The content in the first week was decreased obviously as compared with post-occlusion (P--0.004),but it showed no statistical difference with that in the second week (P =0.085).Conclusion Cerebral ischemia may potentially accelerate the extra-cellular glutamate release in the cortex,but reperfusion may ameliorate or balance off the glutamate release.
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Recent epidemiologic data indicate that metfomin has an anti-tumor effect.However,the underlying anti-tumor mechanisms remain unclear.MicroRNAs (miRNAs)can exhibit pro-oncogenic or anti-oncogenic effects by regulating the differentiation and proliferation of cells.In vitro studies show that metformin can regulate the expressions of multiple miRNAs which are closely associated with tumor development,a process possibly relating to the anti-cancer roles of metformin.
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[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To investigate the effect of oxidized low-density lipoprotein ( ox-LDL) on autophagy in mac-rophages and the underlying molecular mechanisms.METHODS:RAW264.7 macrophages were pretreated with 2 mg/L anti-CD36 monoclonal antibody (anti-CD36 mAb), 5 μmol/L diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), 3 mmol/L 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or 1μmol/L rapamycin for 1 h and then treated with ox-LDL (100 mg/L) for 12 h.The viability of the cells was measured by MTT assay.The activities of lactic dehydrogenase ( LDH) in the medium and nicotinamide adenine dinucleoti-de phosphate ( NADPH) oxidase, superoxide dismutase ( SOD) in the cells as well as the levels of intracellular reactive ox-ygen species ( ROS) and malondialdehyde ( MDA) were determined to characterize the membrane integrity and the oxida-tive stress, respectively.The protein levels of beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II ( LC3-II) , 2 important molecular markers of autophagy, were examined by Western blotting.RESULTS:ox-LDL induced autophagy in RAW264.7 macrophages as assessed by upregulation of beclin-1 and LC3-II.Similar to 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, an-ti-CD36 mAb significantly inhibited the ox-LDL-induced upregulation of beclin-1 and LC3-II.Anti-CD36 mAb suppressed the ox-LDL-induced oxidative stress as revealed by decreased NADPH oxidase activation, ROS and MDA generation as well as increased SOD activity.Similar results were observed in the cells pretreated with DPI, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor.Mo-reover, DPI significantly inhibited the ox-LDL-induced upregulation of beclin-1 and LC3-II.Inaddition, the decrease in the cell viability and increase in LDH release induced by ox-LDL were promoted by 3-MA and blocked by rapamycin ( an auto-phagy inducer).CONCLUSION: ox-LDL induces autophagy in RAW264.7 macrophages, which may be involved in CD36-mediated ox-LDL uptake and subsequent activation of oxidative stress, and moderate activation of autophagy may pro-tect macrophages from ox-LDL-induced injury.
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Objective To observe the expression level of inhibitor of differentiation 2 (Id‐2) and matrix metalloproteinases‐9 (MMP‐9) in rectal cancer ,analysis the correlation of the expression level of them ,to study the relationship between the expression level of them and the clinical pathology indicators of rectal cancer .Methods Rectal cancer tissues and normal tissue adjacent to rec‐tal cancer were obtained from the rectal cancer resection of 56 patients with rectal cancer ,using immunohistochemical method to ob‐serve the expression level of Id‐2 and MMP‐9 in normal tissue adjacent to rectal cancer and rectal cancer and Spearman correlation test to detect the correlation between the expression level of Id‐2 and MMP‐9 ;then we analyzed the relationships between the ex‐pression level of Id‐2 and MMP‐9 and the index of rectal cancer clinical pathology .Results The positive expression rate of Id‐2 in the in rectal cancer tissues is more higher than that of normal tissue of adjacent to rectal cancer (73 .21% vs .48 .21% ,P0 .05) .Conclusion There is a close relationship between the expression levels of Id‐2 and MMP‐9 in rectal cancer and the occurrence and development of rectal cancer .Rectal cancer with the higher Id‐2 expression level may be the ways to achieve tumor invasion and metastasis through MMP‐9 as a facilitator .
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Objective:To investigate the role of clinical pharmacists in the process of chemotherapy for a patient with intracranial glioma. Methods:Usage and dosage of antitumor drugs, drug interactions, adverse drug reactions and medication education after dis-charged as the breakthrough points, clinical pharmacists and clinicians explored options for the patient treatment and adjusted the medi-cation timely according to the condition. Results:There were no serious adverse drug reactions in the adjusted therapeutic regimen and the treatment results of the patient were satisfactory. Conclusion:Clinical pharmacists provide pharmaceutical care can play an impor-tant role in improving the safety and effectiveness of drug use.
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Objective To explore the localization and expression of dopaminergic neurons in olfactory bulb of cynomolgus monkeys damaged by 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP).Methods Three adult cynomolgus monkeys were injected with MPTP to induce the damage of dopamine neurons ( MPTP group ) and three adult cynomolgus monkeys were as a control group .Immunohistochemical staining was performed to examine the localization and expression of dopaminergic neurons in the olfactory bulb in normal and MPTP group monkeys .The numbers of DA-positive and DARPP32-positive cells were counted and the average absorbance was measured in normal and MPTP group .Results DA and DARPP32 positive neurons were concentrated in the glomerular layer ( GL) of olfactory bulb.DA positive nerve fibers were distributed in the GL while DARPP 32 positive nerve fibers appeared in all layers , and most nerve fibers were in GL and external plexiform layers (EPL).After MPTP injury, compared with the normal control group , DA and DARPP32 positive neurons and nerve fibers decreased in MPTP group and DA neurons and nerve fibers decreased significantly . Conclusions DA neurons and nerve fibers are in the GL of cynomolgus monkey olfactory bulb .DA neurons and fibers are significantly reduced in the olfactory bulb of cynomolgus monkeys damaged by MPTP , which may be associated with the dysosmia in Parkinson ’ s disease .
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Objective To prepare the cleavable PEG and RGD co-modified liposome for tumor targeting.Methods Liposomes were prepared by film-ultrasonic method.The particle size,Zeta potential and stability in FBS were evaluated.Cellular uptake by HepG2 cell was explored.MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of blank liposomes. Results The particle diameter of C/RGD-LP was (104.8 ±5.5 )nm with the Zeta potential of (-4.45 ±1.75 )mV.The cellular uptake of C/RGD-LP increased 2.8 times after Cys was added.The C/RGD-LP showed little cytotoxicity to HepG2 cell.Conclusion Cleavable PEG and RGD co-modified liposomes were easy to prepare and has a special application value for targeting tumor.
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To define the differences in antibiotics exposure, risk factors, and outcome in hospitalized patients with Candida albicans [C. albicans] and non-C. albicans candidemia. This is a multi-center retrospective study of 132 patients with candidemia from 5 tertiary-care educational hospitals in Shandong, China conducted between January 2009 and June 2010. Fifty-six of 132 [42.4%] patients had candidemia due to C. albicans and 76/132 [57.6%] had non-C. albanians candidemia. Patients with non-C. albicans candidemia received anti-anaerobic agents more often [23.7% versus 8.9%; p=0.027] and beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors less often [34.2% versus 51.8%; p=0.043] than those with C. albicans candidemia. Independent risk factors of non-C. albicans candidemia were prior anti-anaerobic and antifungal therapies and central venous catheter placement. Overall, 30-day mortality was higher for patients with C. albicans than non-C. albicans candidemia [50% versus 31.6%; p=0.032]. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that C. albicans candidemia, advanced age, and concomitant bacteremia were associated with death due to candidemia. Patients who received anti-anaerobic or antifungal agents were likely to develop non-C. albicans candidemia. Candida albicans infection was associated with poorer prognosis. An awareness of these factors is needed to guide therapy and decrease the high mortality of candidemia